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Neural Modulators

Meaning

Neural modulators are a diverse class of signaling molecules, including peptides, amines, and gases, that act on neurons to alter their excitability, long-term signaling efficiency, and overall network function, often over a slower timescale than classical neurotransmitters. Unlike neurotransmitters, which typically mediate rapid, point-to-point synaptic transmission, modulators diffuse to affect a wider area and influence the overall tone and function of neural circuits. These molecules are central to regulating complex states such as mood, arousal, pain perception, and the neuroendocrine interface.