This is the clinical strategy of administering specific compounds, such as Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) or Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), to increase the intracellular concentration of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+). NAD+ is a vital coenzyme essential for hundreds of metabolic processes, including energy production and DNA repair. Integration is utilized to counteract the age-related decline in NAD+ levels, which is implicated in numerous aspects of senescence and metabolic dysfunction. Successful integration aims to support cellular longevity and improve overall metabolic health.
Origin
The term is derived from biochemistry and longevity research, following the identification of NAD+’s central role in cellular energy and signaling pathways. The study of its precursors gained significant traction after research demonstrated their capacity to elevate NAD+ levels in mammalian tissues. ‘Integration’ refers to the deliberate incorporation of these molecules into the body’s existing metabolic machinery to bypass rate-limiting steps in the salvage pathway.
Mechanism
Precursors like NR and NMN are absorbed and then converted into NAD+ through a series of enzymatic reactions, notably involving the enzyme Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Adenylyltransferase (NMNAT). The resulting increase in NAD+ concentration acts as a crucial cofactor for sirtuins (SIRT1-7) and Poly-ADP-Ribose Polymerases (PARPs), two classes of enzymes vital for DNA repair, gene expression, and mitochondrial function. By fueling these critical longevity pathways, the integration strategy supports cellular resilience and metabolic homeostasis.
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