NAD+ Coenzyme Replenishment is the clinical strategy focused on restoring optimal cellular levels of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+), a vital coenzyme present in all living cells. NAD+ is indispensable for hundreds of metabolic reactions, acting as a key electron acceptor in energy metabolism and a crucial substrate for sirtuin and PARP enzymes involved in DNA repair and cellular signaling. Replenishment is pursued to counteract the pervasive age-related decline in NAD+ that significantly impairs cellular function and resilience.
Origin
The concept stems from decades of foundational biochemical research into cellular metabolism, particularly the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The recent clinical focus on ‘replenishment’ is driven by longevity science, which has established the decline of NAD+ as a key molecular hallmark of aging. This therapeutic approach seeks to leverage specific precursor molecules to enhance the endogenous synthesis of NAD+ within the cell.
Mechanism
NAD+ acts as a critical shuttle for electrons and hydrogen atoms, facilitating the transfer of energy derived from nutrients to the mitochondrial machinery for efficient ATP production. It also directly fuels sirtuins, a class of regulatory proteins that govern gene expression related to stress resistance, metabolic health, and longevity. Replenishment typically involves administering NAD+ precursors like Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) or Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), which are efficiently converted to NAD+ through cellular salvage pathways.
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