What is the Meaning of Myonuclear Accretion?

Myonuclear accretion is a fundamental biological process in skeletal muscle hypertrophy, defined as the incorporation of new nuclei from satellite cells into existing muscle fibers. Each nucleus, or myonucleus, governs a finite volume of cytoplasm, known as the myonuclear domain, responsible for protein synthesis within that region of the muscle fiber. For a muscle fiber to increase significantly in size, it must typically increase its myonuclei number to support the greater synthetic demand, which is the essence of accretion. This process is highly regulated by mechanical load and anabolic hormones like testosterone and growth factors.

What is the Origin of Myonuclear Accretion?

The concept emerged from detailed studies in muscle cell biology and histology, establishing the myonuclear domain theory in the late 20th century. The term "myonuclear" refers to the nucleus within the muscle cell, and "accretion" denotes the process of growth or increase by gradual accumulation. It is a core tenet in understanding the cellular limits and mechanisms of muscle plasticity and growth.

What is the Mechanism of Myonuclear Accretion?

The mechanism begins with the activation and proliferation of quiescent satellite cells, which are muscle stem cells located beneath the basal lamina of the muscle fiber. Upon activation by mechanical stress or hormonal signals, these cells differentiate into myoblasts, migrate to the existing muscle fiber, and then fuse with it. During fusion, the satellite cell donates its nucleus to the muscle fiber, thereby increasing the total myonuclei count. This increase in transcriptional machinery capacity overcomes the myonuclear domain ceiling, allowing for the sustained, robust synthesis of contractile proteins necessary for true hypertrophy.

Myonuclear Accretion ∞ Area

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