What is the Origin of Myelination Process?

The term derives from the Greek myelos, meaning marrow, referring to the core substance of the nerve. It is a fundamental concept in neurobiology, describing a developmental and ongoing process of neural insulation.

What is the Mechanism of Myelination Process?

The myelination process is executed by specialized glial cells: oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. These cells wrap their plasma membranes concentrically around the axonal segment, forming the sheath. The sheath acts as an electrical insulator, forcing the action potential to jump between the gaps in the myelin, known as the Nodes of Ranvier, a mechanism called saltatory conduction. Hormones, particularly thyroid and sex steroids, play a significant modulatory role in the timing and quality of this process.

Myelination Process ∞ Area

Myelination Process

Meaning

The physiological process of forming a myelin sheath, a fatty, insulating layer composed of lipids and proteins, around the axons of neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. This critical biological function significantly increases the speed and efficiency of electrical impulse conduction, thereby enabling rapid, coordinated communication between the brain and the rest of the body. Optimal myelination is essential for cognitive function, motor skill acquisition, and neurological health throughout the lifespan.