Muscle Myokines are a diverse group of small signaling peptides and proteins secreted by skeletal muscle fibers, particularly in response to contractile activity or mechanical loading, that exert autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects on various distant tissues. These molecules act as crucial chemical messengers, linking muscle activity directly to systemic health outcomes, including metabolism, immunity, and cognitive function. They represent a critical component of the muscle’s recognized role as an active endocrine organ.
Origin
The term combines ‘Muscle’ with ‘Myokine,’ derived from the Greek myo- (muscle) and kine (movement/to move), emphasizing their origin in muscle tissue and their role as mobile signaling factors. The concept emerged from the recognition of muscle as an active secretory organ capable of influencing whole-body physiology.
Mechanism
Upon muscle contraction, various myokines such as IL-6, irisin, and myostatin are released into the systemic circulation. Irisin, for example, is known to influence the browning of white adipose tissue, thereby enhancing energy expenditure and thermogenesis. Other myokines modulate insulin sensitivity in distant organs like the liver and adipose tissue, while myostatin acts as a potent negative regulator of muscle growth. This hormonal communication pathway highlights the profound systemic benefits of consistent physical activity.
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