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Mitochondrial Energy Substrate Utilization

Meaning

Mitochondrial Energy Substrate Utilization describes the process by which mitochondria, the cellular powerhouses, efficiently convert various macronutrient derivatives—primarily fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids—into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation. This metabolic efficiency is a critical determinant of cellular energy status and systemic health, particularly important in highly energetic tissues like muscle, brain, and endocrine glands. Dysregulation in substrate utilization is a hallmark of metabolic disorders and hormonal resistance states.