The Migrating Motor Complex (MMC) is a distinct, cyclical pattern of electrical and motor activity observed in the smooth muscle of the stomach and small intestine during fasting periods. Functioning as the gastrointestinal tract’s “housekeeper,” the MMC is responsible for clearing residual food particles, digestive secretions, and sloughed epithelial cells. This process is essential for maintaining a healthy small intestinal microbiome and preventing bacterial overgrowth.
Origin
The term is descriptive, referring to the complex, coordinated series of peristaltic contractions that migrate distally along the gut. It was first formally described by researchers studying gastrointestinal motility in the 1970s. Its recognition clarified the physiological mechanisms underlying the fasting state.
Mechanism
The MMC is hormonally regulated, primarily by the gut peptide motilin, which initiates the cycle’s strongest phase of peristaltic contraction. This cycle is characterized by four phases, culminating in the intense, rapidly propagating contractions that sweep the lumen clean. The mechanism is suppressed immediately upon the ingestion of food, allowing for normal digestive peristalsis to take over.
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