Microbial Signaling Pathways are the complex biochemical communication routes through which the diverse gut microbiota profoundly influences host physiology, primarily by producing and systematically releasing bioactive metabolites that interact with host cell receptors and genetic machinery. These crucial pathways involve the systemic transport and specific action of compounds like Short-Chain Fatty Acids, secondary bile acids, and various tryptophan derivatives, which function as critical messengers between the microbial world and the host’s essential endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. These constant, dynamic signals are vital for maintaining systemic host homeostasis and adaptive capacity.
Origin
This concept is a fundamental scientific outcome of modern, extensive microbiome research, which definitively established that the gut bacteria are not merely passive inhabitants but rather active metabolic and essential signaling partners with the host. The pivotal discovery of microbial metabolites acting as specific ligands for host receptors, such such as the SCFA receptors GPR41 and GPR43, cemented the scientific understanding of these pervasive pathways. It directly links the complex microbial ecosystem to the systemic regulation of health and disease.
Mechanism
Key pathways include the SCFA-mediated signaling to colonocytes and immune cells, influencing energy metabolism and inflammatory tone, and the microbial conversion of primary bile acids into secondary bile acids, which regulate host lipid and glucose metabolism via FXR and TGR5 receptors. Furthermore, the microbiota actively modulates the systemic availability of tryptophan, a critical precursor for both serotonin and kynurenine, thereby profoundly influencing central nervous system function. These diverse, integrated signals ensure constant, fine-tuned communication across the entire Gut-Brain-Hormone axis.
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