The collective, adaptive, and highly communicative functional capacity of the trillions of microorganisms residing within the human host, primarily in the gut, to profoundly influence systemic physiology and host behavior. This “intelligence” refers to the microbiome’s ability to sense the environment, produce bioactive molecules, and modulate the host’s endocrine, immune, and nervous systems, notably through the well-established gut-brain axis. It underscores the profound symbiotic relationship and co-regulatory role of the microbiota in maintaining human health and homeostasis.
Origin
The concept emerged from the rapid expansion of microbiome research, moving beyond viewing microbes as passive residents to recognizing them as an active, integrated, and essential organ system. The term intelligence is used to denote the complex signaling and adaptive capabilities of the entire microbial community. This paradigm shift highlights the microbiome’s direct involvement in endocrine signaling, including the metabolism of xenobiotics and the synthesis of crucial neurotransmitter precursors.
Mechanism
Gut microbes produce a vast array of signaling molecules, most notably short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, which act as ligands for receptors on intestinal epithelial cells and enter the circulation to affect distant organs. Furthermore, the microbiota can directly modulate the enteroendocrine system by influencing the release of gut hormones like GLP-1 and serotonin. This communication extends powerfully to the central nervous system via the vagus nerve and the production of neuroactive compounds, directly influencing the HPA axis, stress response, and affective state.
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