The diverse set of underlying physiological, neurochemical, and hormonal factors that contribute to a subjective feeling of cognitive exhaustion, reduced attention span, and diminished executive function. Common causes include chronic low-grade inflammation, neurotransmitter depletion, sleep debt, and persistent dysregulation of the HPA axis leading to sustained high cortisol exposure. Identifying the specific biological cause is crucial for effective clinical intervention and restoration of mental clarity.
Origin
The clinical understanding of mental fatigue evolved from the study of chronic stress, neurobiology, and endocrine disorders like hypothyroidism and adrenal dysfunction. It is recognized as a complex, multi-systemic symptom rather than a simple psychological state. The term emphasizes the biological and measurable origins of cognitive exhaustion, linking it directly to systemic imbalances.
Mechanism
One key mechanism involves chronic stimulation of the brain’s stress circuits, leading to an excessive release and subsequent depletion of key neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine. Metabolic factors, such as sustained hypoglycemia or insulin resistance, can also impair the brain’s ability to utilize glucose efficiently, leading to energy failure. Furthermore, chronic inflammation releases cytokines that directly interfere with neuronal signaling and contribute to the subjective feeling of ‘brain fog’.
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