Melatonin is a neurohormone primarily synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland in a distinct circadian rhythm, with peak levels occurring during the hours of darkness. Its fundamental role is to regulate the sleep-wake cycle and signal the body’s interpretation of light and darkness, effectively synchronizing the body’s internal clock. Beyond its chronobiotic function, melatonin also acts as a potent antioxidant and immunomodulator, contributing to cellular protection and overall health. Clinically, it is an essential marker and regulator of the circadian rhythm, profoundly impacting hormonal homeostasis.
Origin
The term “melatonin” was coined in 1958 by Aaron B. Lerner, who isolated the compound from the bovine pineal gland and noted its ability to lighten frog skin cells (hence melas for black and tonos for work). Its function in humans as a key sleep regulator was later established, moving it from a pigment-regulating factor to a critical neuroendocrine agent. The discovery revolutionized the understanding of circadian biology.
Mechanism
Melatonin exerts its effects by binding to specific melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, the body’s master clock, and other peripheral tissues. This binding action inhibits the SCN’s firing rate, promoting sleepiness and signaling the onset of the biological night. Furthermore, its powerful free-radical scavenging properties and influence on mitochondrial function contribute to its protective, anti-aging effects at the cellular level.
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