What is the Origin of Melatonin Antioxidant Function?

While melatonin's role as a sleep regulator has been long established in endocrinology, its function as a potent antioxidant was discovered more recently through molecular biology and biochemistry research. The term highlights this critical secondary function, which is particularly relevant in the context of mitochondrial protection and aging.

What is the Mechanism of Melatonin Antioxidant Function?

Melatonin directly neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), including the highly damaging hydroxyl radical, without undergoing redox cycling, meaning it does not become a pro-oxidant itself. Furthermore, it upregulates the expression and activity of key cellular defense enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). This dual action provides robust protection for critical cellular structures, especially mitochondrial DNA, from oxidative damage accumulated during metabolic activity.

Melatonin Antioxidant Function ∞ Area

Melatonin Antioxidant Function

Meaning

Melatonin Antioxidant Function describes the powerful, non-hormonal role of the pineal gland hormone melatonin as a direct free radical scavenger and an indirect stimulator of endogenous antioxidant enzymes within the body. This function is distinct from its well-known role in circadian rhythm regulation. Melatonin’s lipophilic and hydrophilic properties allow it to cross all biological barriers, including the blood-brain barrier, offering broad-spectrum protection against oxidative stress.