Mannitol ∞ Area

Mannitol

Meaning

Mannitol is a sugar alcohol classified as an osmotic diuretic. This compound is a polyol, chemically derived from the reduction of mannose, making it an isomer of sorbitol. It possesses a sweet taste and is readily soluble in water.

Context

Within the human physiological system, mannitol is minimally absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following oral ingestion. Administered intravenously, it primarily remains within the extracellular fluid compartment, exerting its osmotic effects. Its action is particularly notable within the renal tubules and across the blood-brain barrier.

Significance

Clinically, mannitol holds significant importance for its capacity to reduce elevated intracranial pressure, a critical intervention in neurosurgical emergencies. It also effectively lowers intraocular pressure, offering therapeutic benefit in acute angle-closure glaucoma. Furthermore, it aids in promoting diuresis, facilitating the renal excretion of certain toxins or drugs.

Mechanism

Mannitol functions by increasing the osmolality of the glomerular filtrate, which subsequently inhibits the reabsorption of water and various electrolytes from the renal tubules, thereby augmenting urine flow. In neurological applications, it establishes an osmotic gradient across the cerebral capillaries, drawing excess fluid from edematous brain tissue into the intravascular space, thus decreasing cerebral volume and pressure.

Application

In clinical practice, mannitol is administered as an intravenous hypertonic solution, primarily for the management of cerebral edema and acute angle-closure glaucoma. It is also employed to maintain renal function during periods of hypoperfusion or to accelerate the elimination of specific substances in cases of poisoning. Its precise application necessitates careful patient assessment and titration.

Metric

The therapeutic effectiveness of mannitol is typically assessed by monitoring intracranial pressure directly or indirectly, alongside serial measurements of intraocular pressure. Urine output and specific gravity are closely observed indicators of its diuretic action. Serum osmolality, serum electrolytes, and renal function parameters such as creatinine and blood urea nitrogen are routinely measured to guide therapy and detect potential complications.

Risk

Administration of mannitol carries potential risks, including fluid and electrolyte imbalances such as hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and dehydration, particularly with prolonged use or inadequate fluid replacement. A rapid reduction in brain volume can lead to subdural hematoma, and rebound cerebral edema may occur if therapy is discontinued abruptly. It is generally contraindicated in severe dehydration, anuria, or active intracranial bleeding where a significant increase in intracranial volume is undesirable.

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How Do Excipients Affect Peptide Shelf Life and Potency?

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∞ Physical Aggregation
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HRTioJuly 28, 2025

Mannitol

Meaning

Context

Significance

Mechanism

Application

Metric

Risk

How Do Excipients Affect Peptide Shelf Life and Potency?

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