A complex, evolutionarily conserved biochemical cascade within cells that, when modulated, influences the rate of biological aging and the propensity for age-related disease. These pathways, including mTOR, AMPK, and sirtuins, act as master regulators, integrating nutrient availability and metabolic stress signals to control cellular growth, repair, and survival. Clinical strategies aimed at optimizing these pathways are central to modern preventative and longevity medicine protocols.
Origin
The term originates from the field of geroscience and molecular biology, where research identified specific genetic and biochemical routes that directly correlate with lifespan extension in various model organisms. ‘Signaling Pathway’ is a standard biological term for a chain of molecular interactions, while ‘Longevity’ denotes the direct influence on biological aging. The scientific understanding of these pathways expanded significantly with the rise of genetic and epigenetic research in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
Mechanism
These pathways function as metabolic sensors. For instance, calorie restriction or exercise activates AMPK, which promotes catabolic processes like autophagy and energy conservation. Conversely, high nutrient availability activates mTOR, driving anabolic processes such as protein synthesis and cell growth. Modulating this delicate balance towards catabolism and repair, often through strategic lifestyle and nutritional interventions, is believed to enhance cellular stress resistance and extend healthspan.
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