Longevity Metabolic Pathways are the conserved, interconnected biochemical routes within human cells that directly govern the rate of cellular aging, stress resistance, and overall lifespan potential. These pathways act as master regulators, integrating nutrient availability, energy status, and environmental stress signals to modulate cellular repair and survival mechanisms. Key examples include the Insulin/IGF-1 signaling axis, the mTOR pathway, and the Sirtuin family, all of which are profoundly influenced by endocrine hormones.
Origin
The concept emerged from seminal research in model organisms, demonstrating that manipulating specific metabolic genes could significantly extend lifespan, a field now central to geroscience. The subsequent discovery of homologous pathways in humans, particularly their cross-talk with the endocrine system, solidified their clinical relevance for promoting healthspan. The term emphasizes the metabolic basis of the aging process.
Mechanism
The mechanism involves nutrient-sensing molecules acting as metabolic checkpoints. For instance, reduced nutrient intake activates AMPK and Sirtuins, which then coordinate a cellular shift from growth and storage toward repair and maintenance, promoting a catabolic, longevity-promoting state. Conversely, excessive nutrient signaling through the mTOR and Insulin/IGF-1 pathways favors an anabolic state, potentially accelerating cellular senescence. Hormones like insulin and thyroid hormones act as critical modulators, fine-tuning the activity of these master pathways.
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