The synthesis and subsequent action of steroid and peptide hormones within peripheral tissues, such as adipose, muscle, or skin, that operate primarily via autocrine (acting on the cell of origin) or paracrine (acting on neighboring cells) signaling loops, independent of the major systemic endocrine glands. This critical mechanism provides a fine-tuned, tissue-specific hormonal environment that is crucial for localized physiological processes like inflammation, tissue repair, and metabolic regulation. It signifies a distributed endocrine system that complements the systemic, circulatory-based regulation.
Origin
The recognition of local hormone production expanded the traditional, centralized view of endocrinology, which focused almost exclusively on glandular secretion into the bloodstream. The term local emphasizes the spatial restriction of the hormone’s primary effect to the immediate microenvironment. The discovery of complete steroidogenic pathways in non-classical tissues has led to a more nuanced understanding of tissue homeostasis and pathology, particularly in conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or skin aging.
Mechanism
Specific cells in peripheral tissues express the necessary steroidogenic enzymes, such as aromatase or various hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, to convert circulating precursors or even locally synthesized cholesterol into active hormones like estrogen, testosterone, or cortisol. These locally produced hormones then bind to local receptors to modulate gene expression and cellular function within that microenvironment. This localized action allows for rapid, context-dependent hormonal adjustments, such as the local estrogen synthesis in adipose tissue influencing metabolic health or the paracrine action of myokines in muscle remodeling.
We use cookies to personalize content and marketing, and to analyze our traffic. This helps us maintain the quality of our free resources. manage your preferences below.
Detailed Cookie Preferences
This helps support our free resources through personalized marketing efforts and promotions.
Analytics cookies help us understand how visitors interact with our website, improving user experience and website performance.
Personalization cookies enable us to customize the content and features of our site based on your interactions, offering a more tailored experience.