The intrinsic biological process by which the human organism detects a physiological or psychological stressor, or ‘load,’ and subsequently initiates a series of compensatory and structural changes to enhance its capacity to tolerate that same load in the future. This mechanism is central to the concepts of training, resilience, and anti-fragility, involving coordinated responses across the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine systems. Hormones such as growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and testosterone are critical mediators of the structural component of this adaptation.
Origin
The concept is rooted in the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) described by Hans Selye, which outlines the body’s response to stress in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. The “adaptation” phase of Selye’s model, coupled with the principles of supercompensation from exercise physiology, forms the core of this mechanism. The term is applied broadly to encompass both physical and cognitive loads, recognizing the unified nature of the systemic stress response.
Mechanism
Upon sensing a load, the neuroendocrine system releases acute stress hormones, initiating the alarm phase and mobilizing energy substrates. During the subsequent resistance phase, the body begins the structural adaptation, which involves gene expression changes leading to protein synthesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, and neural pathway strengthening. This is mediated by anabolic hormones acting on target tissues to increase muscle fiber size, bone density, and capillary network density, effectively raising the individual’s future tolerance threshold.
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