Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide component that constitute the major part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. In the context of human physiology, these molecules are potent endotoxins that trigger a significant and immediate inflammatory and immune response upon entering the systemic circulation. They are a primary marker of gut barrier dysfunction.
Origin
The term is derived from its molecular structure: ‘lipo’ for lipid, and ‘polysaccharide’ for the complex sugar chain. Their profound clinical significance became apparent in infectious disease and immunology, as they are the primary molecular mediators of the dangerous systemic inflammatory response known as septic shock.
Mechanism
When LPS breaches the intestinal barrier and enters the bloodstream, it is rapidly recognized by immune receptors, specifically Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4), expressed on various immune cells. This recognition initiates a powerful intracellular signaling cascade that results in the massive and rapid release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, driving systemic inflammation and potentially disrupting the delicate balance of the endocrine and metabolic systems.
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