Lipid-Soluble Hormone Action describes the mechanism by which steroid hormones, such as testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol, exert their effects by easily passing through the target cell’s lipid bilayer membrane. Once inside the cell, these hormones bind to specific intracellular receptors, forming a hormone-receptor complex that then translocates to the nucleus. This complex acts as a transcription factor, directly modulating gene expression by binding to DNA response elements. This mechanism results in a relatively slow but sustained change in cellular protein synthesis.
Origin
This fundamental concept is a core tenet of classical endocrinology, differentiating the action of steroid and thyroid hormones from that of peptide hormones. The term “lipid-soluble” refers to the hormone’s chemical property of being lipophilic, enabling passive diffusion across the cell membrane. The discovery of intracellular hormone receptors established this direct genomic mechanism of action.
Mechanism
The key mechanism involves the hormone-receptor complex binding to specific hormone response elements (HREs) on the DNA, located near the promoter region of target genes. This binding event either enhances or represses the transcription of the gene into messenger RNA (mRNA). The resulting mRNA is then translated into new proteins, which mediate the long-term physiological effects of the hormone, such as muscle growth, metabolic regulation, or reproductive function. This direct gene modulation provides a powerful and sustained regulatory signal.
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