Question 1

What is the Meaning of Ligand-Activated Transcription Factor?

Accepted Answer

A Ligand-Activated Transcription Factor is a specialized protein, typically a nuclear receptor, that resides within the cell and, upon binding to a specific signaling molecule, or ligand, undergoes a conformational change that enables it to translocate to the nucleus to directly regulate gene expression. This crucial molecular mechanism is central to the action of all steroid hormones, such as estrogen, testosterone, and cortisol, as they directly influence the cell's genetic programming. This highly precise system allows for hormone-mediated, long-term control over cellular differentiation, metabolism, and proliferation.

Question 2

What is the Origin of Ligand-Activated Transcription Factor?

Accepted Answer

This term is a cornerstone of molecular endocrinology and cellular signaling, synthesizing "ligand," the binding molecule, and "transcription factor," the protein that controls gene transcription. The fundamental understanding of these nuclear receptors developed from pioneering research into how fat-soluble hormones exert their profound and long-lasting effects on target cells, a mechanism that contrasts sharply with the action of cell-surface receptors. It is a core principle in pharmacology, drug design, and hormone replacement therapy.

Question 3

What is the Mechanism of Ligand-Activated Transcription Factor?

Accepted Answer

The process begins when a lipid-soluble ligand, like a steroid hormone, efficiently crosses the cell membrane and binds to its specific intracellular receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus. This binding event induces a critical conformational change in the transcription factor, activating it and causing it to dimerize and subsequently bind to specific DNA sequences called Hormone Response Elements (HREs). Once bound to the HRE, the activated receptor complex recruits co-activator or co-repressor proteins, which either promote or inhibit the transcription of adjacent genes, fundamentally altering the production of specific proteins and thereby dictating the cell's long-term functional response to the hormonal signal.

Ligand-Activated Transcription Factor

Meaning

Origin

Mechanism

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