What is the Meaning of Kynurenine Pathway?

The Kynurenine Pathway (KP) is the primary metabolic route for the degradation of the essential amino acid L-tryptophan, leading to the formation of numerous neuroactive and immunomodulatory metabolites. This complex biochemical cascade is a critical interface between the immune system, the endocrine system, and the central nervous system. Dysregulation of the KP, often driven by chronic inflammation or stress, can lead to an imbalance of neurotoxic and neuroprotective metabolites, significantly impacting mood, cognitive function, and overall hormonal equilibrium.

What is the Origin of Kynurenine Pathway?

The pathway is named after kynurenine, one of the first metabolites identified in this catabolic process, and its origin is fundamental to the understanding of amino acid metabolism. Recognition of the KP's role extended beyond simple nutrient breakdown when its involvement in inflammation-induced neurotoxicity was elucidated, establishing it as a key player in the pathology of various neurological and psychiatric disorders.

What is the Mechanism of Kynurenine Pathway?

The mechanism is initiated by the enzyme Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) or Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), which converts tryptophan into kynurenine. Subsequent enzymatic steps generate downstream metabolites, including kynurenic acid (neuroprotective) and quinolinic acid (neurotoxic). Immune activation, such as by inflammatory cytokines, significantly upregulates IDO activity, shunting tryptophan away from serotonin production and increasing the production of neurotoxic quinolinic acid, thereby linking chronic inflammation directly to neuroendocrine and mood disturbances.

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