An essential trace element, a non-metallic halogen, that is critically required by the human body almost exclusively for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Dietary intake is the sole source of this element, and its adequate availability is non-negotiable for maintaining proper thyroid function, which in turn regulates metabolism, growth, and development. Clinical deficiency is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability worldwide.
Origin
The name is derived from the Greek word ioeides, meaning “violet-colored,” referencing the characteristic color of its vapor. Discovered in 1811, its crucial role in the physiology of the thyroid gland was established later, particularly its necessity for the structural integrity of the thyroid hormones. The clinical recognition of iodine deficiency leading to goiter solidified its importance in nutritional endocrinology.
Mechanism
The thyroid gland actively transports and concentrates iodide ions from the bloodstream into its follicular cells via the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), a process essential for hormone synthesis. Within the follicle, iodide is oxidized and then covalently incorporated into tyrosine residues on the thyroglobulin protein, a process known as organification. This iodination forms the precursors that are ultimately coupled to produce the active thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, which are then released to modulate gene expression throughout the body.
Lifestyle interventions can significantly recalibrate hormonal balance, supporting thyroid function by optimizing metabolic pathways and reducing systemic burdens.
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