What is the Origin of Insulin Insensitivity?

The term is a compound of the hormone 'insulin' and 'insensitivity,' clearly describing a diminished biological response to the signaling molecule. It is foundational to the endocrinology and pathology of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and other chronic diseases.

What is the Mechanism of Insulin Insensitivity?

Insulin insensitivity occurs at the cellular level, often due to chronic overexposure to glucose and free fatty acids, leading to defects in the insulin receptor signaling cascade. Specifically, the phosphorylation of key signaling proteins, such as IRS-1, is impaired, preventing the translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters to the cell membrane. The pancreas attempts to overcome this resistance by increasing insulin secretion, perpetuating a state of hormonal imbalance.

Insulin Insensitivity ∞ Area

Insulin Insensitivity

Meaning

A clinical state where target cells, such as those in muscle, fat, and liver tissue, exhibit a reduced or impaired response to the action of insulin, the pancreatic hormone responsible for glucose uptake. This condition is a central feature of metabolic dysfunction, leading to compensatory hyperinsulinemia and eventually elevated blood glucose levels. It represents a critical disruption in the body’s energy regulation system.