The therapeutic or physiological adjustment of the immune system’s activity to a desired level, which can involve either suppressing an overactive response, as seen in autoimmune conditions, or stimulating a hypoactive response, such as enhancing cancer surveillance. In the context of longevity, it focuses on maintaining immune homeostasis and reducing chronic low-grade inflammation, often influenced by the balance of sex steroids and glucocorticoids.
Origin
The term combines immune, referring to the body’s defense system, with modulation, implying the act of regulating or adjusting. This concept is central to immunology and has evolved from basic infectious disease treatment to encompass complex chronic diseases and age-related immune senescence, or immunosenescence.
Mechanism
Modulation occurs through a variety of signaling pathways involving cytokines, chemokines, and specialized immune cells. Hormones play a direct role; for example, cortisol exerts an immunosuppressive effect, while thymic hormones support T-cell maturation. Strategies to achieve positive immune modulation often include targeted nutritional support, balancing the gut microbiome, and optimizing vitamin D status to promote a resilient, yet appropriately restrained, inflammatory response.
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