Immune Homeostasis is the physiological state of dynamic equilibrium within the immune system, characterized by a balanced and appropriate level of immune responsiveness. This state ensures that the body can effectively mount a defense against pathogens and malignancy while simultaneously maintaining self-tolerance and preventing inappropriate autoimmune or inflammatory responses. The endocrine system, through hormones like cortisol and sex steroids, plays a crucial role in maintaining this delicate balance. Disruption of this homeostasis underlies all autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases.
Origin
The term combines ‘immune’ (protected/safe) and ‘homeostasis’ (Greek for ‘standing still’ or stable condition), a concept central to physiology first described by Walter Cannon. The idea that the immune system actively maintains its own stable state, rather than simply reacting to threats, became a focus of modern immunology research. It reflects the complex regulatory networks that govern immune cell activity.
Mechanism
The mechanism involves intricate signaling networks mediated by cytokines, regulatory T-cells (Tregs), and the HPA axis. Tregs actively suppress the activity of effector T-cells that might target self-antigens, promoting self-tolerance. Hormones, such as glucocorticoids, act as potent immunosuppressants by binding to intracellular receptors, altering gene expression, and dampening inflammatory pathways, thereby contributing to the overall stability and regulation of the immune response.
Optimizing metabolic and immune health through lifestyle choices significantly reduces the body's propensity for anti-drug antibody formation against peptides.
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