What is the Origin of HPA Axis Stress?

The concept is deeply rooted in the work of Hans Selye on the General Adaptation Syndrome and the subsequent mapping of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal communication pathway in the mid-20th century. This axis represents a conserved evolutionary mechanism for survival, integrating neural signals from the brain with hormonal output from the endocrine glands. The term 'HPA Axis Stress' specifically highlights the pathological consequences of sustained activation.

What is the Mechanism of HPA Axis Stress?

Stressors trigger the hypothalamus to release corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH then acts on the adrenal cortex to synthesize and release cortisol into the bloodstream. Cortisol exerts widespread effects, including modulating metabolism and suppressing immune function, and subsequently provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary to terminate the response, a feedback loop that becomes impaired under chronic stress.

HPA Axis Stress

Meaning

The physiological activation and subsequent dysregulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis in response to psychological, physical, or environmental stressors. This central neuroendocrine pathway is the body’s primary system for mediating the stress response, culminating in the release of glucocorticoids, predominantly cortisol, from the adrenal glands. Chronic or excessive activation of this axis can lead to allostatic overload and systemic pathology.

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HPA Axis Stress

Meaning

Origin

Mechanism

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