Hormonal Regulation of Sleep refers to the complex neuroendocrine interplay that governs the timing, architecture, and quality of the sleep-wake cycle through the rhythmic secretion of key signaling molecules. Melatonin and cortisol are the most prominent regulators, orchestrating the transition from wakefulness to sleep and back to alertness, respectively. Beyond these, hormones such as growth hormone, thyroid hormones, and leptin significantly modulate sleep-dependent restorative processes and metabolic function during the nocturnal period. Disruption in this regulatory cascade is a primary cause of chronic sleep disorders.
Origin
This area of study is foundational to neuroendocrinology, acknowledging that sleep is not merely a passive state but an actively regulated physiological process driven by internal biochemical timing. The discovery of melatonin’s role as a darkness signal from the pineal gland provided a crucial link between the circadian clock and sleep onset. Further research has continually expanded the understanding of how other endocrine axes contribute to the depth and quality of sleep architecture.
Mechanism
The primary mechanism involves the reciprocal relationship between melatonin and cortisol, which are governed by the suprachiasmatic nucleus. As light diminishes, melatonin secretion increases, acting on receptors in the SCN to promote sleep propensity. Concurrently, cortisol levels naturally decline, reducing central nervous system arousal. During deep sleep, the pulsatile release of growth hormone is stimulated, initiating tissue repair and anabolic processes, thus linking hormonal regulation directly to the restorative function of sleep.
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