Hormonal neuroprotection refers to the mechanism by which endogenous or exogenously administered hormones exert beneficial effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems, shielding neurons from injury, degeneration, and pathological stress. Steroid hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are known to possess significant neuroprotective properties that contribute to cognitive health and neurological resilience across the lifespan. This protective function is crucial in the context of age-related neurological decline and acute brain injury.
Origin
The recognition of hormones’ impact on brain function dates back to early endocrinology, but the specific concept of ‘neuroprotection’ gained prominence with the understanding of steroid receptor distribution in the brain and the clinical observation of neurological changes following hormonal shifts. This field bridges endocrinology and neuroscience.
Mechanism
Neuroprotective hormones act through multiple pathways, including binding to intracellular and membrane-bound receptors to modulate gene expression and rapid signaling cascades. They can enhance mitochondrial function, reduce oxidative stress, inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine release, and promote synaptic plasticity and myelination. For example, estrogen can enhance cerebral blood flow and stimulate the production of neurotrophic factors, thereby supporting neuronal survival and network integrity.
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