Exogenous chemical substances, collectively known as xenobiotics or endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), that interfere with the synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of endogenous hormones. These toxins, including heavy metals, pesticides, and plasticizers, are capable of causing hormonal dysregulation at minute concentrations. The resultant imbalance can manifest as fertility issues, thyroid dysfunction, or altered sex steroid ratios.
Origin
The concept emerged from environmental toxicology and clinical endocrinology following the observation that synthetic chemicals could mimic or block hormone action in wildlife and humans. The term highlights the etiological role of environmental pollutants in conditions traditionally viewed as purely endogenous hormonal disorders.
Mechanism
EDCs often operate by binding to hormone receptors, such as the estrogen or androgen receptors, acting as false signals and preventing the natural hormone from exerting its effect. Other toxins can directly inhibit or induce the enzymes responsible for steroidogenesis, such as aromatase or 5-alpha reductase, thereby altering the ratio of circulating hormones. The liver’s ability to properly conjugate and excrete these toxins is a key defense mechanism.
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