Question 1

What is the Meaning of HLA-DR?

Accepted Answer

HLA-DR, Human Leukocyte Antigen – DR, is a vital major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) molecule on specialized immune cells. Primarily on professional antigen-presenting cells like B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, its key function is presenting exogenous peptide antigens to CD4+ T helper lymphocytes. This initiates a targeted adaptive immune response, central to immune surveillance.

Question 2

What is the Context of HLA-DR?

Accepted Answer

Within the adaptive immune system, HLA-DR molecules are fundamental for immune recognition and self-tolerance. They activate CD4+ T cells, orchestrating immune responses against pathogens or modulating reactions. HLA-DR expression upregulates during inflammation or infection, influenced by cytokines like interferon-gamma, reflecting an activated immune state.

Question 3

What is the Significance of HLA-DR?

Accepted Answer

HLA-DR holds substantial clinical importance for disease susceptibility and immune regulation. Specific genetic alleles associate with increased risk for autoimmune conditions, like Type 1 Diabetes and Rheumatoid Arthritis. In transplantation, precise HLA-DR allele matching is critical for minimizing graft rejection and ensuring long-term organ transplant success.

Question 4

What is the Mechanism of HLA-DR?

Accepted Answer

HLA-DR's mechanism involves binding processed peptide fragments within its groove. These peptides, from extracellular proteins internalized by the antigen-presenting cell, transport to the cell surface. The resulting peptide-HLA-DR complex presents to the T-cell receptor on a CD4+ T helper cell. This interaction signals T-cell activation, orchestrating adaptive immunity.

Question 5

What is the Application of HLA-DR?

Accepted Answer

In clinical practice, HLA-DR typing is standard for organ transplant patients, assessing compatibility and guiding immunosuppression. It aids diagnostic panels for genetic predisposition to autoimmune diseases, informing risk assessment. Monitoring HLA-DR expression on peripheral blood cells, like monocytes, serves as a valuable biomarker for immune activation or inflammation, aiding therapeutic decisions.

Question 6

What is the Metric of HLA-DR?

Accepted Answer

HLA-DR status assessment typically involves laboratory methods. Genetic HLA-DR typing uses molecular techniques, primarily PCR, to identify specific alleles from patient DNA. Flow cytometry quantifies surface HLA-DR expression on various cell populations, measuring immune activation. Immunohistochemistry also detects HLA-DR in tissue biopsies, offering insights into localized immune responses.

Question 7

What is the Risk of HLA-DR?

Accepted Answer

While essential for immune function, HLA-DR carries clinical considerations. Specific HLA-DR alleles elevate genetic susceptibility to particular autoimmune diseases; however, onset is not guaranteed. In organ transplantation, an HLA-DR mismatch is a major risk for acute and chronic graft rejection, often necessitating aggressive immunosuppression. Aberrant or persistent high HLA-DR expression can also indicate chronic inflammation or immune dysregulation.

HLA-DR

Meaning

Context

Significance

Mechanism

Application

Metric

Risk

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