What is the Origin of Hepatic Stellate Cells?

The term "hepatic" refers to the liver, and "stellate" is derived from the Latin word stella, meaning star, describing their characteristic star-like shape when viewed under a microscope. They were initially described in the late 19th century but their crucial role in liver pathology was fully elucidated in the late 20th century. Their dual nature as vitamin A reservoirs and profibrogenic cells is central to their function.

What is the Mechanism of Hepatic Stellate Cells?

In response to paracrine signals from damaged hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), quiescent HSCs undergo activation. This process involves the loss of their vitamin A droplets and a phenotypic switch to a proliferative, contractile, and highly fibrogenic state. The activated cells then secrete large quantities of collagen and other matrix components, which accumulate to form the fibrotic scar tissue characteristic of liver disease.

Hepatic Stellate Cells ∞ Area

Hepatic Stellate Cells

Meaning

Hepatic Stellate Cells (HSCs) are specialized pericytes located in the space of Disse within the liver, playing a crucial role in vitamin A storage in their quiescent state. Upon liver injury or chronic inflammation, these cells become activated, transforming into myofibroblast-like cells that produce excessive amounts of extracellular matrix proteins. This activation is the central cellular event leading to hepatic fibrosis and ultimately cirrhosis, a state of severely compromised liver function. HSCs are a key target for therapeutic interventions aimed at reversing or halting the progression of liver disease.