This describes the complex bidirectional communication network, known as the gut-brain-endocrine axis, between the commensal microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract and the host’s hormonal and nervous systems. The gut microbiome produces numerous bioactive molecules, including short-chain fatty acids and neurotransmitter precursors, that act as signals to influence host physiology. This signaling is essential for regulating metabolism, immune function, and neuroendocrine balance.
Origin
The concept evolved from classical microbiology and gastroenterology, gaining significant traction with advanced sequencing technologies that allowed for the comprehensive study of the gut microbiota. The term ‘signaling’ highlights the active, communicative role of the microbes, moving beyond the historical view of them as passive inhabitants. This recognition fundamentally altered the understanding of human physiology.
Mechanism
Signaling occurs primarily through the production of microbial metabolites that enter the systemic circulation and interact with host cells, including enteroendocrine cells and immune cells. These metabolites can influence the permeability of the intestinal barrier, modulate inflammatory cytokine release, and even affect the synthesis of hormones like serotonin and cortisol. The mechanism directly impacts the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, demonstrating a tangible link between gut health and stress response.
Lifestyle interventions empower the body to optimize its own peptide systems, functionally mimicking specific therapeutic effects for enhanced vitality.
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