Gut derived metabolite influence describes the systemic impact exerted by small, bioactive compounds produced by the enteric microbiota through the fermentation and metabolism of dietary and host-derived substances. These metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, and indoles, are absorbed into the circulation and act as signaling molecules that directly affect distant organs, including the brain, liver, and endocrine glands. This influence represents a critical pathway through which the gut microbiome modulates host physiology, immunity, and hormonal homeostasis.
Origin
This concept is central to the field of metabolomics and microbiome research, recognizing the gut bacteria not merely as digestive aids but as a major metabolic organ. The term arose as researchers began identifying and quantifying the vast array of small molecules produced by the microbiota and tracing their systemic effects on host health. It underscores the chemical crosstalk between the host and its commensal organisms.
Mechanism
The mechanism involves the absorption of microbial metabolites across the intestinal barrier and their subsequent interaction with host cell receptors, particularly G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), or their modification of enzyme activity in the liver. For example, butyrate influences colonic gene expression, while certain indoles can regulate tryptophan metabolism and immunity. These absorbed signals ultimately integrate with the host’s endocrine system, affecting everything from glucose regulation to estrogen clearance.
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