Growth Hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin, is a peptide hormone synthesized and secreted by the somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland. It is a critical anabolic hormone that regulates growth, cellular reproduction, and regeneration in humans and other animals. While its name emphasizes its role in linear growth during childhood, in adults, GH primarily influences metabolism, body composition, and tissue repair. Clinically, Growth Hormone levels are often assessed indirectly through Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1), which is the primary mediator of many of GH’s anabolic effects.
Origin
The term “Growth Hormone” is a descriptive one, reflecting its earliest and most obvious physiological role in promoting somatic growth, derived from the Old English growan and the Greek hormaein (to set in motion). Its discovery and purification in the mid-20th century marked a significant milestone in endocrinology. The clinical use of recombinant human Growth Hormone (rhGH) for deficiency states began in the late 1980s, establishing its therapeutic relevance beyond childhood.
Mechanism
Growth Hormone exerts its effects through a dual mechanism. Directly, GH binds to GH receptors on target cells, particularly adipocytes, stimulating lipolysis and inhibiting insulin action, thereby conserving glucose. Indirectly, and more potently, GH stimulates the liver and other tissues to produce IGF-1, which is a key mediator of its anabolic and growth-promoting actions on muscle, bone, and cartilage. This GH-IGF-1 axis operates via complex feedback loops involving the hypothalamus, ensuring tight regulation of systemic growth and metabolic balance.
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