The Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR) is a specific transmembrane protein found on the surface of cells in various tissues, most notably in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue, that binds circulating Growth Hormone (GH). This binding event is the necessary first step in initiating the biological actions of GH, which include promoting somatic growth and regulating intermediary metabolism. Clinical assessment of GHR function is sometimes warranted in cases of suspected growth or metabolic disorders.
Origin
The concept of a specific receptor arose from classical endocrinology and cell biology as researchers sought to understand how hormones exert their effects on distant target cells. The GHR was isolated and characterized as a distinct protein in the late 20th century, confirming the specificity of the GH signaling pathway. The receptor’s structure is typical of the cytokine receptor superfamily.
Mechanism
Upon the binding of a GH molecule, two GHR units dimerize, or come together, triggering a conformational change that activates an associated intracellular signaling molecule, primarily Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2). This activation initiates a phosphorylation cascade, notably involving the Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT) pathway. The ultimate effect is the transcription of specific genes, such as those encoding Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) in the liver, which mediates many of the growth-promoting effects of GH.
GINA secures the necessary privacy for individuals to utilize pharmacogenomic data, enabling the precise, personalized dosing of hormonal and metabolic protocols.
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