Growth Factor Signaling is a complex, cell-to-cell communication system where polypeptide molecules known as growth factors bind to specific cell surface receptors to regulate fundamental cellular processes. This signaling network is essential for orchestrating cell proliferation, differentiation, tissue repair, and survival, playing a critical role in both normal development and pathological states. In the context of endocrinology, it is closely linked to hormonal action, as exemplified by the anabolic effects of Growth Hormone being largely mediated through Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling. Dysregulation of this pathway is a hallmark of many chronic diseases, including various cancers and metabolic syndromes.
Origin
The term combines the functional descriptor “growth factor,” for proteins that stimulate cell growth and division, with “signaling,” which refers to the process of information transmission within and between cells. The foundation of this field was established in the mid-20th century with the landmark discovery and characterization of specific growth factors like Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF).
Mechanism
The process typically initiates when a growth factor binds to the extracellular domain of its cognate receptor, often a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), inducing receptor dimerization and the activation of its intrinsic kinase activity. This activation involves autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the receptor’s intracellular domain, creating docking sites for adaptor proteins. These adaptors recruit and activate downstream effector molecules, such as those in the RAS-MAPK or PI3K-Akt pathways, which ultimately translocate to the nucleus to modulate the transcription of genes essential for cell cycle progression and metabolic function.
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