GnRH, or Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, is a crucial decapeptide hormone synthesized and secreted by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus. It serves as the master regulator of the reproductive axis, controlling the release of the gonadotropins, Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), from the anterior pituitary gland. The pulsatile release pattern of GnRH is essential for normal reproductive function in both males and females.
Origin
The term is an acronym for Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, named for its function of stimulating the release of gonadotropins. Its discovery and structural elucidation in the 1970s, which earned a Nobel Prize, were pivotal moments in modern endocrinology, providing the key to understanding the central control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. The hormone is sometimes also referred to as Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH).
Mechanism
GnRH is secreted into the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood system in a distinct, pulsatile manner, which is critical for its biological action. It travels to the anterior pituitary, where it binds to specific GnRH receptors on gonadotroph cells, stimulating the synthesis and release of LH and FSH. A continuous, non-pulsatile administration of GnRH, paradoxically, desensitizes the receptors and inhibits gonadotropin release, a mechanism exploited clinically for therapeutic purposes.
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