Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, unbranched polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units, one of which is an amino sugar. These highly negatively charged molecules are a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and connective tissues throughout the body. Clinically significant GAGs include hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate. Their primary function is to attract and retain water, providing turgor, resilience, and lubrication to tissues like cartilage, skin, and joint fluid.
Origin
The term is derived from the Greek words glykys (sweet), aminos (amino group), and ganos (brightness or sheen), referring to their sugar-like nature, amino group inclusion, and often viscous, clear appearance. They were historically known as mucopolysaccharides. In the context of hormonal health, their relevance is highlighted by the influence of hormones like estrogen and growth hormone on the synthesis and degradation of these structural components, particularly in skin and bone.
Mechanism
GAGs exert their function primarily through their polyanionic nature, which allows them to bind large quantities of water molecules, forming a hydrated gel-like substance. This hydrogel structure resists compressive forces, essential for the mechanical function of cartilage and intervertebral discs. Hormonal regulation affects their synthesis; for instance, declining estrogen levels in perimenopause can lead to decreased GAG production in the skin, contributing to reduced hydration and elasticity. Enzymes called glycosidases and sulfatases are responsible for their precise degradation and turnover.
Hormonal imbalances disrupt fluid equilibrium by altering kidney function, sodium handling, and cellular water dynamics, leading to noticeable swelling.
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