Glucose regulation is the complex homeostatic process by which the body maintains blood glucose concentrations within a narrow, physiological range, preventing both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. This delicate balance is centrally managed by the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon, which act on the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. Optimal glucose regulation is essential for cellular energy supply and preventing long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications associated with metabolic dysfunction.
Origin
The term combines glucose, the primary circulating sugar and energy source, with regulation, meaning the act of controlling or maintaining a steady state. The understanding of this process is foundational to endocrinology, dating back to the discovery of insulin in the early 20th century. The ongoing clinical focus is on maintaining euglycemia, recognizing its systemic importance for health and longevity.
Mechanism
The mechanism involves a classic endocrine feedback loop: high blood glucose triggers pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin, which promotes glucose uptake by cells and storage as glycogen in the liver and muscle. Conversely, low blood glucose stimulates alpha cells to release glucagon, which promotes hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Other hormones, including cortisol and growth hormone, also modulate this process by influencing insulin sensitivity and glucose production, highlighting the interconnected nature of endocrine control.
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