Glucose homeostasis control represents the complex, tightly regulated physiological process by which the body maintains blood glucose concentrations within a narrow, non-toxic range despite intermittent food intake and variable energy expenditure. This essential regulatory function is primarily orchestrated by the endocrine hormones insulin and glucagon, secreted by the pancreatic islets. Effective control is vital for preventing acute complications like hypoglycemia and mitigating the long-term vascular damage associated with chronic hyperglycemia.
Origin
The term is fundamental to endocrinology and metabolism, stemming from the Greek words glukos (sweet) and homoios (similar) and stasis (standing still), describing the steady state of blood sugar. The concept was formalized following the discovery of insulin and its counter-regulatory hormones in the early 20th century.
Mechanism
The mechanism is a classic negative feedback loop involving the pancreas, liver, and peripheral tissues. Following a meal, elevated blood glucose stimulates pancreatic beta cells to release insulin, which promotes glucose uptake by muscle and fat cells and glycogen synthesis in the liver. Conversely, during fasting, alpha cells release glucagon, signaling the liver to break down glycogen and initiate gluconeogenesis, thus releasing glucose into the bloodstream to prevent hypoglycemia.
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