Glucose Control is the physiological and clinical management of blood glucose concentrations within a narrow, healthy range to ensure optimal cellular energy supply and prevent metabolic pathology. This process is fundamentally regulated by the endocrine hormones insulin and glucagon, which mediate the uptake, storage, and release of glucose by peripheral tissues. Achieving tight control is essential for preventing insulin resistance and mitigating the long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications of hyperglycemia.
Origin
The concept of glucose control is central to the field of endocrinology, originating with the discovery of insulin by Banting and Best in the early 20th century. Clinical practice formalized the goal of maintaining euglycemia, or normal blood sugar, as the primary strategy for managing diabetes mellitus. The continuous study of glucose homeostasis defines much of metabolic health and longevity research.
Mechanism
The mechanism relies on the pancreatic beta cells sensing plasma glucose levels and releasing appropriate amounts of insulin to facilitate glucose transport into muscle and adipose cells. Simultaneously, glucagon from the alpha cells ensures hepatic glucose output is regulated during periods of fasting or low blood sugar. Optimal control requires a sensitive feedback loop between these hormones and their respective target receptors in metabolically active tissues.
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