Glucocorticoid Response Element Binding is a precise molecular event where the activated complex of a glucocorticoid hormone, such as cortisol, and its intracellular receptor attaches to specific DNA sequences within the cell nucleus. These specific sequences, known as Glucocorticoid Response Elements (GREs), are located in the promoter regions of target genes. This binding is the fundamental mechanism by which glucocorticoids regulate gene transcription, controlling a vast array of physiological processes, including metabolism, immunity, and stress adaptation.
Origin
This term is a foundational concept in molecular endocrinology, derived from the mechanism of action of all steroid hormones, which act as transcription factors. The identification of the GRE sequence provided the definitive molecular link between the presence of the hormone and the subsequent regulation of gene expression. It represents a classic and highly studied model of transcriptional control mediated by a nuclear receptor.
Mechanism
Following cortisol entry into the cell, it binds to the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor (GR), causing a conformational change that releases inhibitory chaperone proteins. The activated GR-cortisol complex then translocates into the nucleus and selectively searches for the specific palindromic GRE sequences on the DNA. Upon binding to the GRE, the complex recruits co-activator or co-repressor proteins, thereby directly modulating the transcription rate of the adjacent target gene. This direct gene regulation allows for a sustained, systemic alteration of cellular function.
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