Glucagon-Like Peptide (GLP) refers to a group of incretin hormones, primarily GLP-1 and GLP-2, secreted by enteroendocrine L-cells in the intestine in response to nutrient ingestion. GLP-1 plays a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis by stimulating insulin release and inhibiting glucagon secretion, thereby managing postprandial blood sugar excursions. These peptides are fundamental regulators of metabolic signaling post-meal.
Origin
The name is derived from its structural similarity to glucagon, another peptide hormone produced by the pancreas, combined with its intestinal origin (“Like Peptide”). Incretin refers to gut-derived substances that potentiate glucose-dependent insulin secretion. This discovery refined our understanding of gut-brain-pancreas axis communication.
Mechanism
GLP-1 acts via the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) on pancreatic beta cells in a glucose-dependent manner, enhancing insulin secretion and promoting beta-cell survival. Additionally, it slows gastric emptying and increases satiety signals to the central nervous system, which modulates appetite regulation. This multi-target action positions GLP as a critical link between nutrient intake and systemic metabolic control.
Peptide therapies act as precision biological messengers, enhancing lifestyle interventions to recalibrate metabolic function and restore profound vitality.
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