Gastric Emptying is the physiological process by which digested contents, known as chyme, are moved from the stomach into the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine. This carefully regulated process is crucial for optimal nutrient absorption and preventing postprandial hyperglycemia, especially in the context of metabolic health. A healthy rate of gastric emptying ensures steady nutrient delivery and hormonal feedback to the brain regarding satiety. Disruption in this process can lead to symptoms ranging from bloating and early satiety to rapid blood sugar spikes.
Origin
The term is a direct, descriptive physiological phrase, combining the Latin root gaster (meaning “stomach”) with the verb “to empty.” Its use in clinical practice is long-standing, referring specifically to the mechanical and chemical coordination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. In modern endocrinology, the concept has gained renewed importance due to the action of gut hormones that directly modulate this process.
Mechanism
The process is primarily controlled by neural and hormonal signals originating from both the stomach and the small intestine. Distension of the stomach and the presence of fat or acid in the duodenum trigger the release of key gut hormones, such as cholecystokinin (CCK) and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1). These hormones act to slow the rate of emptying, allowing adequate time for digestion and nutrient assimilation. The pyloric sphincter acts as the gatekeeper, regulating the flow of chyme into the small intestine in small, controlled amounts.
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