Female Menopause is the definitive clinical state marking the cessation of menstruation, biologically defined retrospectively after twelve consecutive months without a period, reflecting the final decline of ovarian follicular activity. This transition signifies a profound shift in the endocrine milieu, primarily characterized by sustained hypoestrogenism and altered gonadotropin feedback. Understanding this phase is crucial for mitigating associated long-term health risks.
Origin
The term ‘menopause’ originates from Greek roots, meaning ‘month’ ($muetanu$) and ‘cessation’ ($pialphaupsilonsigmaiotavarsigma$), directly referencing the end of the menstrual cycle. Clinically, it is categorized within the broader spectrum of climacteric changes that affect women as reproductive capacity naturally wanes. Its scientific delineation focuses on the functional exhaustion of the ovarian reserve.
Mechanism
The underlying mechanism involves the depletion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to reduced secretion of estradiol and inhibin B. This reduction removes negative feedback on the pituitary gland, resulting in elevated levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). This altered hormonal axis drives the characteristic vasomotor symptoms and contributes to long-term changes in bone mineral density and lipid metabolism.
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