Female Hormones are a class of steroid and peptide signaling molecules predominantly produced by the ovaries and adrenal glands that regulate the development, reproduction, and systemic physiology in biological females. The primary steroid hormones include estrogens (e.g., estradiol, estrone) and progestogens (e.g., progesterone), alongside critical androgens like testosterone. These molecules exert profound pleiotropic effects on bone density, cardiovascular health, mood, and metabolic function far beyond the reproductive tract.
Origin
The term originates from classical endocrinology, specifically the study of sex-specific physiology and the reproductive cycle. The isolation and characterization of compounds like estradiol and progesterone in the early 20th century established the biochemical basis for the term. While commonly used, it is important to recognize that androgens are also vital female hormones.
Mechanism
These hormones function by binding to intracellular receptors, forming hormone-receptor complexes that translocate to the nucleus to modulate gene transcription. Estrogen, for example, promotes bone density by inhibiting osteoclast activity and supports vascular health by enhancing nitric oxide production. Progesterone modulates the uterine lining and acts as a neurosteroid with calming effects on the central nervous system. The precise, cyclical balance of these hormones is maintained by the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis.
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