The regulatory mechanism utilized by biological systems, most notably the endocrine and nervous systems, to monitor output and adjust input to maintain a specific physiological parameter within a set range. This control system is fundamental for homeostasis, allowing the body to adapt to internal and external stressors. Effective control ensures that hormone levels do not become pathologically high or low.
Origin
The principle originates from cybernetics and control theory, applied to biological systems to explain self-regulation. In endocrinology, the term describes the interplay between the central nervous system, pituitary gland, and peripheral endocrine glands. Understanding this control is crucial for interpreting hormone panel results and guiding clinical intervention strategies.
Mechanism
Negative feedback is the predominant form, where the product of a pathway inhibits its own production, exemplified by the HPT axis (thyroid) and HPA axis (adrenal). Conversely, positive feedback, though less common, amplifies the initial stimulus, as seen during the ovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone. Precise control relies on receptor sensitivity and the timely clearance of signaling molecules.
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