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Fasting Physiology

Meaning

Fasting physiology describes the cascade of metabolic and hormonal adaptations the human body undergoes in the absence of exogenous nutrient intake, typically after the post-absorptive state has concluded. This state is characterized by a fundamental shift in energy substrate utilization, moving from glucose derived from dietary carbohydrates to endogenous stores, primarily hepatic glycogen and then fatty acids and ketones. The adaptive response is highly regulated by counter-regulatory hormones, such as glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone, working to maintain glucose supply for obligate glucose-utilizing tissues like the brain. Understanding this shift is essential for therapeutic applications of fasting and for interpreting metabolic panels.