Fasting physiology describes the cascade of metabolic and hormonal adaptations the human body undergoes in the absence of exogenous nutrient intake, typically after the post-absorptive state has concluded. This state is characterized by a fundamental shift in energy substrate utilization, moving from glucose derived from dietary carbohydrates to endogenous stores, primarily hepatic glycogen and then fatty acids and ketones. The adaptive response is highly regulated by counter-regulatory hormones, such as glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone, working to maintain glucose supply for obligate glucose-utilizing tissues like the brain. Understanding this shift is essential for therapeutic applications of fasting and for interpreting metabolic panels.
Origin
The physiological study of fasting has ancient roots in observations of human survival and metabolism, but the term “fasting physiology” gained scientific rigor with the development of modern biochemistry and endocrinology. Early 20th-century research meticulously detailed the changes in blood glucose, insulin, and glucagon during periods of food deprivation, establishing the core principles of metabolic flexibility. The word “fasting” comes from the Old English fæstan, meaning “to hold firm,” referring to abstinence from food.
Mechanism
The primary mechanism is the dramatic reciprocal change in the secretion of insulin and glucagon from the pancreatic islets, initiating the metabolic switch. As insulin levels fall rapidly, the inhibitory signal on lipolysis and gluconeogenesis is lifted, while rising glucagon promotes hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to sustain euglycemia. Simultaneously, adipose tissue releases fatty acids, which the liver converts into ketone bodies, providing an alternative fuel source for peripheral tissues and the brain, a key adaptation for preserving muscle protein. This intricate hormonal orchestration ensures energy demands are met by mobilizing internal reserves in a tightly controlled, sequential manner.
We use cookies to personalize content and marketing, and to analyze our traffic. This helps us maintain the quality of our free resources. manage your preferences below.
Detailed Cookie Preferences
This helps support our free resources through personalized marketing efforts and promotions.
Analytics cookies help us understand how visitors interact with our website, improving user experience and website performance.
Personalization cookies enable us to customize the content and features of our site based on your interactions, offering a more tailored experience.