Error-driven plasticity describes a specific form of neuroplasticity where the brain’s neural circuits are structurally or functionally modified based on the detection and processing of discrepancies between an intended action or outcome and the actual result. This mechanism is crucial for motor learning, skill refinement, and the continuous adaptation of internal cognitive models to external reality. The magnitude of the ‘error signal’ directly determines the extent of the subsequent synaptic adjustment.
Origin
This concept originates from computational neuroscience and motor control theory, where learning is modeled as a process of minimizing prediction errors. The term integrates the biological phenomenon of ‘plasticity’—the brain’s ability to change—with the ‘error-driven’ mechanism that initiates the change. It provides a precise framework for understanding how practice and feedback translate into skill mastery.
Mechanism
The cerebellum and specific cortical regions, such as the parietal cortex, are central to this mechanism, generating an error signal when sensory feedback deviates from the predicted sensory consequence of a movement or thought. This signal, often mediated by neurotransmitters like dopamine and glutamate, triggers long-term depression (LTD) or long-term potentiation (LTP) at relevant synapses. These adjustments serve to recalibrate the neural command, reducing the error in future iterations and refining the motor or cognitive skill.
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